Unveiling the Future_ Universal Basic Income (UBI) Experiments on the Blockchain
The Dawn of Decentralized Wealth
Blockchain technology, with its inherent transparency and decentralization, offers a unique framework for implementing Universal Basic Income (UBI). This part explores the concept, its potential benefits, and the underlying mechanisms.
The Concept of Universal Basic Income
Universal Basic Income (UBI) is an idea that has been around for centuries but has gained modern traction in recent years. The core principle is straightforward: providing all citizens with a regular, unconditional sum of money regardless of other income. This concept aims to combat poverty, simplify welfare systems, and give individuals the freedom to pursue education, entrepreneurship, or personal interests.
Blockchain: The New Frontier
Enter blockchain technology. Best known for powering cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum, blockchain offers a decentralized, transparent, and secure way to manage transactions. By leveraging blockchain, UBI can be transformed from a traditional bureaucratic system into a seamless, global process.
How Blockchain UBI Works
At the heart of blockchain UBI is the use of smart contracts. These self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement directly written into code. In the context of UBI, smart contracts can automate the distribution of funds, ensuring that every eligible recipient receives their UBI without the need for middlemen or bureaucratic delays.
For instance, a blockchain-based UBI system could automatically verify an individual’s eligibility based on predefined criteria—such as residency, citizenship, or age—using distributed ledger technology. Once verified, the smart contract executes the payment, transferring the UBI directly to the individual’s digital wallet.
Benefits of Blockchain UBI
Transparency and Trust
Blockchain’s inherent transparency means every transaction is recorded on a public ledger, visible to all participants. This transparency can significantly reduce corruption and fraud, creating a system that is both fair and trustworthy.
Efficiency and Cost Reduction
By eliminating intermediaries and bureaucratic overhead, blockchain-based UBI can drastically reduce administrative costs. Payments are automated and instantaneous, minimizing the need for a large workforce to manage the distribution process.
Global Reach
With blockchain, there are no borders. UBI can be distributed globally, offering a safety net to those in need regardless of geographical location. This global reach is particularly important in addressing the economic disparities between different regions.
Security and Privacy
Blockchain technology provides robust security features that protect against hacks and unauthorized access. However, it also offers privacy controls, ensuring that while transactions are transparent, personal data remains secure.
Real-World Examples
Several pilot projects and experiments are already underway, showcasing the potential of blockchain UBI. One notable example is the city of Johannesburg, South Africa, which is exploring a blockchain-based UBI program. By using blockchain, the city aims to provide a monthly payment to low-income residents, simplifying the distribution process and ensuring transparency.
Another example is the Basic Income Grant Trust (BIG Trust) in Namibia, which uses blockchain technology to implement UBI. This initiative aims to provide a monthly grant to citizens, leveraging blockchain to ensure secure and transparent transactions.
Challenges and Considerations
While the potential benefits of blockchain UBI are immense, there are also significant challenges to consider:
Scalability
One of the primary concerns is scalability. Blockchain networks can face challenges in processing a large number of transactions quickly and efficiently. Solutions like layer-two protocols and advanced blockchain architectures are being developed to address this issue.
Regulation and Governance
The regulatory landscape for blockchain and UBI is still evolving. Governments and regulatory bodies need to establish frameworks that balance innovation with the need for oversight and compliance.
Public Acceptance
Gaining public acceptance is crucial. While many are excited about the potential of blockchain UBI, others may be skeptical or concerned about its feasibility and long-term impact.
Technical Expertise
Implementing a blockchain-based UBI system requires a high level of technical expertise. Ensuring that governments and organizations have the necessary skills and resources to develop and manage such systems is essential.
The Future of UBI on Blockchain
As technology continues to advance, the integration of blockchain with UBI looks increasingly promising. The future may see more widespread adoption of blockchain UBI systems, driven by the benefits of transparency, efficiency, and global reach.
Moreover, as blockchain technology matures and becomes more accessible, the barriers to implementation may diminish, paving the way for broader and more inclusive UBI programs.
Advanced Concepts and Real-World Applications
Building on the foundation laid in Part 1, this part delves into more advanced concepts, real-world applications, and the broader impact of blockchain UBI on global wealth distribution.
Advanced Blockchain Concepts
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs)
DAOs are organizations governed by smart contracts rather than centralized authorities. They can play a significant role in managing and distributing UBI funds. By allowing community members to vote on decisions, DAOs can ensure that UBI programs are aligned with the needs and preferences of the people they serve.
Tokenization
Tokenization involves representing assets or rights in the form of tokens on a blockchain. In the context of UBI, tokens could represent UBI payments, enabling more flexible and dynamic distribution mechanisms. For example, tokens could be allocated based on specific criteria or conditions, such as employment status, education level, or community service contributions.
Interoperability
Ensuring that different blockchain networks can communicate and transact with each other is crucial for global UBI implementation. Interoperability protocols and standards are being developed to enable seamless interactions between various blockchain systems, facilitating a truly global UBI network.
Real-World Applications
Global UBI Initiatives
Several ambitious global UBI initiatives are leveraging blockchain technology to distribute funds across borders. One such initiative is the Global Basic Income Grant (GBI Grant), a decentralized, blockchain-based project aiming to provide a universal basic income to all individuals worldwide. By utilizing smart contracts and DAOs, the GBI Grant seeks to create a global safety net that transcends national boundaries.
Microfinance Platforms
Blockchain technology is revolutionizing microfinance by providing transparent, secure, and efficient lending and repayment processes. In the context of UBI, blockchain-based microfinance platforms can offer microloans to individuals to kickstart small businesses or entrepreneurial ventures, thereby enhancing the economic impact of UBI.
Public Health and Education
Blockchain UBI can extend its benefits to public health and education sectors. For example, smart contracts can be used to distribute funds directly to healthcare providers and educational institutions, ensuring timely payments and reducing administrative overhead. Additionally, blockchain-based health records can provide secure and transparent access to medical data, improving healthcare delivery.
Broader Impact on Global Wealth Distribution
Reducing Economic Inequality
One of the most significant potential impacts of blockchain UBI is the reduction of economic inequality. By providing a guaranteed income to all citizens, regardless of their socio-economic background, UBI can help level the playing field and reduce poverty. Coupled with blockchain’s transparent and efficient distribution mechanisms, UBI has the power to create a more equitable global economy.
Empowering Individuals
Blockchain UBI empowers individuals by giving them greater control over their finances. With direct access to their UBI payments and the ability to invest or spend as they see fit, individuals can make choices that best suit their needs and aspirations. This autonomy can lead to increased economic participation and innovation.
Enhancing Social Stability
By providing a safety net for all, blockchain UBI can enhance social stability and reduce social unrest. When people have a basic income to rely on, they are less likely to engage in activities that cause social disruption, leading to more harmonious and stable communities.
Fostering Technological Innovation
The integration of blockchain with UBI fosters technological innovation. As governments and organizations explore and implement blockchain UBI systems, new technologies and solutions will emerge, driving progress in both fields. This synergy can lead to breakthroughs in areas such as decentralized governance, transparent supply chains, and secure digital identities.
Challenges and Considerations
While the potential of blockchain UBI is vast, several challenges and considerations must be addressed:
Energy Consumption
Blockchain networks, particularly proof-of-work (PoW) systems like Bitcoin, are known for their high energy consumption. This poses environmental concerns, which need to be mitigated through the adoption of more sustainable blockchain technologies, such as proof-of-stake (PoS) or other eco-friendly alternatives.
Cybersecurity Threats
Advanced Concepts and Real-World Applications
Building on the foundation laid in Part 1, this part delves into more advanced concepts, real-world applications, and the broader impact of blockchain UBI on global wealth distribution.
Advanced Blockchain Concepts
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs)
DAOs are organizations governed by smart contracts rather than centralized authorities. They can play a significant role in managing and distributing UBI funds. By allowing community members to vote on decisions, DAOs can ensure that UBI programs are aligned with the needs and preferences of the people they serve.
Tokenization
Tokenization involves representing assets or rights in the form of tokens on a blockchain. In the context of UBI, tokens could represent UBI payments, enabling more flexible and dynamic distribution mechanisms. For example, tokens could be allocated based on specific criteria or conditions, such as employment status, education level, or community service contributions.
Interoperability
Ensuring that different blockchain networks can communicate and transact with each other is crucial for global UBI implementation. Interoperability protocols and standards are being developed to enable seamless interactions between various blockchain systems, facilitating a truly global UBI network.
Real-World Applications
Global UBI Initiatives
Several ambitious global UBI initiatives are leveraging blockchain technology to distribute funds across borders. One such initiative is the Global Basic Income Grant (GBI Grant), a decentralized, blockchain-based project aiming to provide a universal basic income to all individuals worldwide. By utilizing smart contracts and DAOs, the GBI Grant seeks to create a global safety net that transcends national boundaries.
Microfinance Platforms
Blockchain technology is revolutionizing microfinance by providing transparent, secure, and efficient lending and repayment processes. In the context of UBI, blockchain-based microfinance platforms can offer microloans to individuals to kickstart small businesses or entrepreneurial ventures, thereby enhancing the economic impact of UBI.
Public Health and Education
Blockchain UBI can extend its benefits to public health and education sectors. For example, smart contracts can be used to distribute funds directly to healthcare providers and educational institutions, ensuring timely payments and reducing administrative overhead. Additionally, blockchain-based health records can provide secure and transparent access to medical data, improving healthcare delivery.
Broader Impact on Global Wealth Distribution
Reducing Economic Inequality
One of the most significant potential impacts of blockchain UBI is the reduction of economic inequality. By providing a guaranteed income to all citizens, regardless of their socio-economic background, UBI can help level the playing field and reduce poverty. Coupled with blockchain’s transparent and efficient distribution mechanisms, UBI has the power to create a more equitable global economy.
Empowering Individuals
Blockchain UBI empowers individuals by giving them greater control over their finances. With direct access to their UBI payments and the ability to invest or spend as they see fit, individuals can make choices that best suit their needs and aspirations. This autonomy can lead to increased economic participation and innovation.
Enhancing Social Stability
By providing a safety net for all, blockchain UBI can enhance social stability and reduce social unrest. When people have a basic income to rely on, they are less likely to engage in activities that cause social disruption, leading to more harmonious and stable communities.
Fostering Technological Innovation
The integration of blockchain with UBI fosters technological innovation. As governments and organizations explore and implement blockchain UBI systems, new technologies and solutions will emerge, driving progress in both fields. This synergy can lead to breakthroughs in areas such as decentralized governance, transparent supply chains, and secure digital identities.
Challenges and Considerations
While the potential of blockchain UBI is vast, several challenges and considerations must be addressed:
Energy Consumption
Blockchain networks, particularly proof-of-work (PoW) systems like Bitcoin, are known for their high energy consumption. This poses environmental concerns, which need to be mitigated through the adoption of more sustainable blockchain technologies, such as proof-of-stake (PoS) or other eco-friendly alternatives.
Cybersecurity Threats
Blockchain systems are not immune to cybersecurity threats. Ensuring robust security measures and continuous monitoring is essential to protect against attacks that could compromise UBI funds and personal data.
Legal and Regulatory Frameworks
The legal and regulatory landscape for blockchain and UBI is still evolving. Governments and regulatory bodies need to establish frameworks that balance innovation with the need for oversight and compliance, ensuring that UBI programs are legally sound and fair.
Public Acceptance and Education
Gaining public acceptance and understanding is crucial for the successful implementation of blockchain UBI. Educating the public about the benefits and mechanisms of blockchain technology and UBI is essential to foster trust and support.
Scalability and Performance
As the number of users and transactions grows, ensuring the scalability and performance of blockchain networks is critical. Solutions like layer-two protocols, sharding, and advanced blockchain architectures are being developed to address these issues.
The Future of Blockchain UBI
The future of blockchain UBI looks promising as technology continues to advance and more countries and organizations explore its potential. The integration of blockchain with UBI has the potential to create a fairer, more efficient, and transparent global economic system.
As more pilot projects and experiments yield positive results, we can expect to see broader adoption of blockchain UBI systems. Innovations in blockchain technology will continue to enhance the efficiency, security, and scalability of UBI distribution, paving the way for a more inclusive and equitable global economy.
In conclusion, the synergy between blockchain technology and Universal Basic Income holds immense promise for redefining wealth distribution. By leveraging the transparency, efficiency, and global reach of blockchain, UBI can become a powerful tool for reducing poverty, empowering individuals, and enhancing social stability. While challenges remain, the potential benefits make this an exciting frontier worth exploring and investing in.
End of Article
Best NFT Projects with Real Utility: Transforming Digital Ownership
In the rapidly evolving world of digital assets, NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) have carved out a unique niche by combining blockchain technology with creative and practical applications. Unlike simple digital collectibles, the best NFT projects with real utility are transforming how we think about ownership, value, and interaction in the digital realm. This article delves into some of the most innovative NFT projects that go beyond mere aesthetics to offer tangible benefits and real-world applications.
1. Decentraland (MANA)
Decentraland is a pioneering virtual reality platform where users can buy, sell, and develop parcels of virtual land. This platform uses NFTs to represent ownership and control within its 3D world. Beyond being a digital real estate market, Decentraland offers real utility through its virtual economy. Users can create and monetize their own experiences, from virtual concerts to fashion shows, fostering a vibrant community of creators and entrepreneurs.
2. CryptoKitties
CryptoKitties remains one of the most famous NFT projects to date. While initially a fun and whimsical concept, it demonstrated the potential of NFTs to offer real utility. Users can breed and trade these virtual cats, each with unique genetic traits. Beyond the fun, CryptoKitties highlighted the potential of smart contracts and blockchain technology to manage complex interactions and ownership, paving the way for more sophisticated NFT applications.
3. SuperRare
SuperRare is a platform for digital art that focuses on providing a high-quality and authenticated experience for artists and collectors. By leveraging blockchain technology, SuperRare ensures the authenticity and provenance of digital artworks, offering real utility to collectors who value provenance and authenticity. The platform also supports artists by providing a direct channel to sell their original digital art, bypassing traditional gatekeepers like galleries and auction houses.
4. The Sandbox (SAND)
The Sandbox is a virtual world built on the blockchain where users can create, own, and monetize their gaming experiences. Using NFTs, users can buy, sell, and trade virtual land, assets, and items within the game. The project's real utility lies in its open and player-driven development, allowing creators to build and expand the world collaboratively. This fosters a dynamic ecosystem where the community collectively shapes the game's evolution.
5. Axie Infinity
Axie Infinity has garnered significant attention for its unique blend of gaming and NFT utility. Players can breed, battle, and trade Axies, which are creatures represented by NFTs. The real utility of Axies extends beyond gaming; players can earn cryptocurrency by playing and participating in the game’s ecosystem. This model creates a sustainable income stream for players, demonstrating the potential of NFTs to offer economic value and real-world utility.
6. NBA Top Shot
NBA Top Shot on the blockchain brings sports fans closer to their favorite moments through NFTs. Collectors can buy, sell, and trade moments captured from NBA games as NFTs. The real utility here lies in the ability to authenticate and verify these moments, something that traditional memorabilia cannot offer. Fans gain a unique, verifiable connection to their favorite sports moments, and the platform also offers revenue sharing, allowing creators to earn from their work.
7. Dapper Labs
Dapper Labs, the creators of CryptoKitties and NBA Top Shot, has also launched the SPL Token Standard for Solana. This project aims to create a new standard for NFTs, focusing on utility and scalability. By leveraging the Solana blockchain, Dapper Labs offers faster transaction speeds and lower fees, making it an attractive option for projects looking for real utility and efficiency in NFT transactions.
8. Mirror Protocol
Mirror Protocol is a decentralized finance (DeFi) project that offers a unique utility through its staking and yield-generating NFTs. Users can stake their assets to earn rewards, and these rewards can be represented as NFTs, offering a new way to manage and track financial returns. This project highlights the real utility of NFTs in the DeFi space, providing a transparent and automated way to manage financial assets.
9. Fantom Opera
Fantom Opera is a high-performance blockchain platform designed to offer real utility through its fast transactions and low fees. By leveraging NFTs, Fantom Opera enables a wide range of applications, from gaming to decentralized finance, offering a scalable and efficient solution for NFT projects. Its real utility lies in providing a robust infrastructure for other NFT projects to thrive on.
10. Tezos NFTs
Tezos is a blockchain platform known for its self-upgrading capabilities and smart contract functionality. Tezos NFTs offer real utility through their programmability, allowing for complex interactions and ownership models that go beyond static assets. This flexibility makes Tezos a powerful platform for innovative NFT projects seeking real-world applications.
Conclusion
The best NFT projects with real utility are not just about owning a digital piece; they offer transformative experiences and practical benefits that extend beyond the digital realm. From virtual real estate and gaming to art authentication and decentralized finance, these projects are reshaping how we interact with digital assets and the blockchain technology that underpins them. As the landscape continues to evolve, these pioneering projects will likely inspire new applications and redefine the future of digital ownership.
Best NFT Projects with Real Utility: Transforming Digital Ownership (Continued)
In the previous section, we explored some of the most innovative NFT projects that offer real utility, transforming the way we think about digital assets and blockchain technology. Here, we delve deeper into the practical applications and potential future developments of these projects, showcasing how they are paving the way for a new era of digital ownership.
11. Enjin (ENJ)
Enjin is a platform that empowers developers to create and monetize gaming and virtual world experiences using NFTs. By providing a suite of tools and infrastructure, Enjin enables the creation of games and applications that leverage NFTs for real utility. This includes in-game assets, virtual real estate, and more, offering players tangible benefits and fostering a vibrant ecosystem of game developers and players.
12. Binance NFT
Binance NFT is the non-fungible token marketplace by one of the largest cryptocurrency exchanges, Binance. The platform offers real utility by providing a secure and user-friendly environment for buying, selling, and trading NFTs. Binance NFT supports a wide range of NFTs, from digital art to virtual real estate, and integrates seamlessly with Binance’s ecosystem, offering users a convenient and secure way to manage their digital assets.
13. Rarible
Rarible is a decentralized marketplace for buying, selling, and creating unique digital assets. By leveraging blockchain technology, Rarible ensures the authenticity and provenance of its listings, offering real utility to collectors who value transparency and security. The platform supports a wide range of digital art and collectibles, allowing artists to reach a global audience directly and earn royalties from secondary sales.
14. OpenSea
OpenSea is one of the most popular NFT marketplaces, offering real utility through its extensive collection of digital assets, including art, collectibles, and virtual real estate. Users can buy, sell, and create NFTs using various blockchains, including Ethereum and Flow. OpenSea’s user-friendly interface and extensive network of creators and collectors make it a go-to platform for anyone looking to engage with the NFT ecosystem.
15. VeVe
VeVe is a digital collectibles platform that allows fans to collect and trade digital versions of physical memorabilia, such as trading cards, posters, and other collectibles. By leveraging NFTs, VeVe offers real utility by providing a secure and verifiable way to own and trade digital versions of physical collectibles. This platform bridges the gap between traditional and digital collectibles, offering fans a new way to engage with their favorite franchises.
16. Immutable X
Immutable X is a blockchain-native marketplace for buying, selling, and trading NFTs. The platform focuses on scalability and performance, offering real utility through its fast and efficient transactions. By leveraging the Immutable X protocol, creators can mint and trade NFTs without incurring high fees or slow transaction times, making it an attractive option for developers and collectors alike.
17. Niftify
Niftify is a platform that provides real-world rewards and experiences to NFT holders. By leveraging blockchain technology, Niftify ensures that rewards are distributed fairly and transparently. The platform offers real utility by providing tangible benefits to NFT holders, such as exclusive access to events, discounts, and other perks. This innovative approach bridges the gap between digital ownership and real-world experiences.
18. Audius
Audius is a decentralized music streaming platform that uses NFTs to represent ownership and rights in the music industry. By leveraging blockchain technology, Audius ensures that artists receive fair compensation for their work and that listeners can enjoy music in a decentralized and transparent manner. The real utility of Audius lies in its ability to disrupt traditional music distribution and provide a fair and equitable system for artists and fans.
19. Dfinity
Dfinity is a blockchain platform designed to support a wide range of decentralized applications (dApps), including NFT projects. By leveraging its scalable and decentralized infrastructure, Dfinity offers real utility through its high-performance and low-cost transactions. The platform supports a wide range of NFT applications, from gaming to digital art, providing a robust and efficient environment for NFT projectsBest NFT Projects with Real Utility: Transforming Digital Ownership (Continued)
In the previous sections, we explored a range of innovative NFT projects that go beyond mere digital collectibles to offer tangible benefits and practical applications. Here, we delve deeper into the evolving landscape of NFTs and how these projects are reshaping the future of digital ownership.
20. Holoride
Holoride is a unique project that combines NFTs with augmented reality (AR) to offer immersive, real-world experiences. Users can purchase NFTs that represent ownership of virtual spaces and experiences, which can then be unlocked in the physical world using AR technology. This project highlights the real utility of NFTs by providing tangible, interactive experiences that go beyond digital ownership.
21. Provenance
Provenance is a blockchain platform designed to authenticate and verify digital assets, offering real utility through its non-fungible token (NFT) technology. By leveraging blockchain, Provenance ensures the authenticity and provenance of digital artworks, collectibles, and other assets. This platform provides a transparent and secure way to manage and verify the ownership and history of digital assets, offering real utility to collectors and creators.
22. Magic Eden
Magic Eden is a decentralized marketplace for buying, selling, and creating NFTs on the Solana blockchain. The platform offers real utility through its fast and low-cost transactions, making it an attractive option for NFT creators and collectors. Magic Eden supports a wide range of NFTs, including digital art, collectibles, and virtual real estate, providing a user-friendly and efficient environment for NFT engagement.
23. Artblocks
Artblocks is a platform that focuses on creating and distributing unique digital art through NFTs. By leveraging blockchain technology, Artblocks ensures the authenticity and provenance of its digital artworks, offering real utility to collectors who value transparency and security. The platform supports a wide range of digital art styles and creators, allowing artists to reach a global audience directly and earn royalties from secondary sales.
24. MakersPlace
MakersPlace is a platform that combines digital art and blockchain technology to offer real utility through its unique NFT marketplace. By leveraging blockchain, MakersPlace ensures the authenticity and provenance of its digital artworks, offering real utility to collectors who value transparency and security. The platform supports a wide range of digital art styles and creators, allowing artists to reach a global audience directly and earn royalties from secondary sales.
25. NBA Top Shot (Continued)
NBA Top Shot continues to offer real utility through its unique blend of sports and NFT technology. By leveraging blockchain, NBA Top Shot ensures the authenticity and provenance of its digital moments, offering real utility to collectors who value transparency and security. The platform supports a wide range of sports moments and creators, allowing fans to collect and trade digital versions of their favorite sports memories.
26. Axie Infinity (Continued)
Axie Infinity offers real utility through its unique blend of gaming and NFT technology. By leveraging blockchain, Axie Infinity ensures the authenticity and provenance of its digital creatures, offering real utility to players who value transparency and security. The platform supports a wide range of gaming experiences and creators, allowing players to breed, battle, and trade Axies, while earning cryptocurrency through gameplay.
27. The Sandbox (Continued)
The Sandbox continues to offer real utility through its virtual world built on the blockchain. By leveraging NFTs, The Sandbox allows users to buy, sell, and trade virtual land, assets, and items within the game. The real utility here lies in its open and player-driven development, allowing creators to build and expand the world collaboratively. This fosters a dynamic ecosystem where the community collectively shapes the game's evolution.
28. Decentraland (Continued)
Decentraland continues to offer real utility through its virtual reality platform. By leveraging NFTs, Decentraland allows users to buy, sell, and develop parcels of virtual land. This platform offers real utility through its virtual economy, where users can create and monetize their own experiences, from virtual concerts to fashion shows, fostering a vibrant community of creators and entrepreneurs.
29. SuperRare (Continued)
SuperRare continues to offer real utility through its platform for digital art. By leveraging blockchain technology, SuperRare ensures the authenticity and provenance of digital artworks, offering real utility to collectors who value provenance and authenticity. The platform also supports artists by providing a direct channel to sell their original digital art, bypassing traditional gatekeepers like galleries and auction houses.
Conclusion
The best NFT projects with real utility are paving the way for a new era of digital ownership, offering transformative experiences and practical benefits that extend beyond the digital realm. From virtual real estate and gaming to art authentication and decentralized finance, these projects are reshaping how we interact with digital assets and the blockchain technology that underpins them. As the landscape continues to evolve, these pioneering projects will likely inspire new applications and redefine the future of digital ownership.
As we look to the future, the integration of NFTs with emerging technologies like augmented reality, decentralized finance, and virtual reality will likely lead to even more innovative and impactful projects. The real utility of NFTs will continue to grow, offering tangible benefits and practical applications that will redefine how we own, interact with, and value digital assets in the years to come.
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