Best P2P Lending Platforms Worldwide_ A Comprehensive Exploration
Best P2P Lending Platforms Worldwide: An Overview
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) lending has revolutionized the way we think about borrowing and lending, creating a space where individuals can connect directly to fund projects, businesses, or even personal needs without the traditional middleman. This burgeoning sector offers exciting opportunities for both lenders and borrowers, promising high returns and accessible credit solutions. Let's explore the best P2P lending platforms globally that are making waves in this innovative space.
Prosper: Pioneering P2P Lending in the U.S.
One of the first and most prominent names in P2P lending, Prosper has been setting the standard since its inception in 2005. With a vast network of over 400,000 borrowers and 1.7 million lenders, Prosper offers a robust platform where individuals can lend as little as $25 to borrowers seeking personal loans.
Key Features:
High-Yield Opportunities: Prosper often provides returns of up to 15%, making it an attractive option for those looking to earn passive income. Borrower Verification: Prosper employs rigorous borrower verification processes to ensure credibility and reduce default risks. Loan Types: The platform offers various loan types, including personal loans, small business loans, and more.
LendingClub: Bridging Borrowers and Lenders
LendingClub, launched in 2006, has grown into one of the largest P2P lending networks in the U.S. The platform boasts over 12 million members and has facilitated over $40 billion in loans. LendingClub focuses on both personal and student loans, making it a versatile option for diverse financial needs.
Key Features:
Transparent Risk Assessment: LendingClub's risk assessment tools help lenders understand the potential risks involved in lending to specific borrowers. Rewarding Interest Rates: Borrowers can often secure loans with competitive interest rates, while lenders enjoy returns ranging from 5% to 15%. Student Loan Refinancing: The platform also offers student loan refinancing, providing an additional layer of financial relief for borrowers.
Funding Circle: The Global P2P Lending Leader
With operations spanning over 15 countries, Funding Circle is a global leader in P2P lending for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Founded in 2010, the platform connects lenders with SMEs looking for funding, offering a safe and lucrative investment opportunity.
Key Features:
Diversified Portfolio: Funding Circle’s focus on SMEs ensures a diversified loan portfolio, reducing the risk associated with lending. High-Interest Rates: Investors on Funding Circle can earn returns upwards of 10%, with lower risk profiles. Global Reach: The platform’s international presence provides a broader investment horizon and exposure to different markets.
Zopa: The UK’s Pioneer in P2P Lending
Zopa, launched in 2005, was the first P2P lending marketplace in the UK. With over £3 billion in loans facilitated, Zopa has established itself as a trusted platform for both lenders and borrowers in the UK and Europe.
Key Features:
Robust Matching Algorithm: Zopa’s sophisticated algorithm ensures a fair and efficient match between lenders and borrowers. Competitive Returns: Zopa offers attractive returns, often surpassing traditional savings accounts. Flexible Loan Options: The platform supports a variety of loan types, including personal, property, and business loans.
Mintos: Europe’s Innovative P2P Platform
Mintos, based in Latvia, has carved out a significant niche in the European P2P lending market. Launched in 2013, Mintos offers a wide array of investment opportunities, including short-term loans and long-term bonds.
Key Features:
High-Yield Bonds: Mintos’s long-term bonds offer returns of up to 16%, making it an attractive option for high-risk, high-reward investors. Diverse Investment Options: Besides loans, investors can also participate in various fixed-income products. User-Friendly Interface: Mintos’s intuitive platform makes it easy for both novice and experienced investors to navigate.
Upstart: The Tech-Driven P2P Lending Platform
Upstart, founded in 2012, leverages advanced machine learning algorithms to facilitate P2P lending. The platform focuses on personal loans, utilizing AI to assess borrower risk and determine loan terms.
Key Features:
Innovative Risk Assessment: Upstart’s AI-driven risk assessment provides a more accurate evaluation of borrowers, potentially reducing default rates. Flexible Loan Terms: Borrowers can access loans with flexible terms tailored to their specific financial situations. High Returns: Upstart offers lenders returns ranging from 8% to 15%, depending on the risk profile of the loans.
Funding Society: Democratizing Access to Credit
Funding Society, launched in 2010, focuses on democratizing access to credit for underserved populations. The platform aims to provide fair lending opportunities to individuals and small businesses that may be overlooked by traditional financial institutions.
Key Features:
Fair Lending Practices: Funding Society emphasizes ethical lending practices, ensuring fair access to credit for all. Community Focus: The platform supports community-driven projects and small businesses, fostering local economic growth. Competitive Returns: Investors can earn competitive returns while contributing to social good.
BondPeer: The Canadian P2P Lending Market Leader
BondPeer, launched in 2012, dominates the Canadian P2P lending market. The platform offers a range of investment opportunities, including short-term loans and long-term bonds, with a focus on transparency and risk management.
Key Features:
Transparent Operations: BondPeer provides detailed information about loan performance and risk, empowering investors to make informed decisions. High-Interest Rates: The platform offers attractive returns, often exceeding traditional savings rates. Diverse Investment Options: BondPeer caters to various investor profiles, offering both short-term and long-term investment opportunities.
Funding Societies: The Global Microfinance Leader
Funding Societies, founded in 2005, has been a trailblazer in the microfinance sector. The platform connects lenders with micro-entrepreneurs and small businesses across developing countries, providing essential capital for growth and development.
Key Features:
Microfinance Focus: Funding Societies specializes in providing small loans to individuals and businesses in underserved markets. Social Impact: The platform’s mission is to drive social impact by supporting economic development in developing regions. Global Reach: With operations in multiple countries, Funding Societies offers a unique opportunity to support global economic growth.
Bondora: The Baltic P2P Lending Giant
Bondora, based in Estonia, is a leading P2P lending platform in the Baltic region. Founded in 2011, Bondora has grown to become one of the largest P2P lending platforms in Europe, facilitating over €2 billion in loans.
Key Features:
Extensive Loan Portfolio: Bondora’s diverse loan portfolio includes personal loans, business loans, and even mortgage refinancing. Competitive Returns: Investors can earn attractive returns, often exceeding traditional investment vehicles. Robust Security Measures: Bondora employs advanced security protocols to protect investors’ funds and personal information.
Conclusion
The world of P2P lending is dynamic and continually evolving, offering exciting opportunities for both lenders and borrowers. From established platforms like Prosper and LendingClub to innovative players like Upstart and Mintos, the global P2P lending market is ripe with potential. Each platform brings its unique strengths and offerings, catering to diverse financial needs and preferences.
As you explore the various options, consider factors such as risk, return, borrower verification processes, and platform transparency. By understanding these elements, you can make informed decisions and unlock the full potential of P2P lending. Whether you're a seasoned investor or a newcomer, the world of P2P lending offers a fascinating and rewarding journey.
Best P2P Lending Platforms Worldwide: Detailed Insights
As we delve deeper into the realm of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) lending, it’s essential to explore the nuanced details that make each platform unique. From their innovative technological approaches to their commitment to social impact, here’s a closer look at some of the top P2P lending platforms globally.
PeerStreet: Real Estate Meets P2P Lending
PeerStreet, launched in 2014, is a pioneering P2P lending platform that specializes in real estate investments. The platform connects investors with borrowers seeking funding for commercial, residential, and industrial properties.
Key Features:
PeerStreet: 房地产与 P2P 贷款的完美结合
独特的房地产贷款平台：PeerStreet 将 P2P 贷款与房地产投资结合，提供了一个独特的投资机会。平台为投资者提供了对商业、住宅和工业物业的贷款机会，通过直接投资这些项目，投资者可以享受房地产市场的增长。
详细的项目评估：PeerStreet 提供了详细的项目评估和风险分析，使投资者能够充分了解每个项目的潜在收益和风险。这包括对物业的详细检查、市场分析和预测。
高回报潜力：由于房地产市场的增长潜力，PeerStreet 通常提供高于传统投资的回报率。这使得它成为寻求高回报的投资者的一个有吸引力的选择。
多样化投资选择：投资者可以选择从多个项目中投资，分散风险。这种多样化策略有助于管理风险，同时增加收益的可能性。
LendingClub: 创新与稳定的结合
创新技术：LendingClub 使用先进的技术和算法来评估借款人的风险，并匹配最佳的借款人和贷款人。这种技术驱动的方法提高了平台的效率和准确性。
多样化的贷款产品：除了个人贷款外，LendingClub 还提供学生贷款再融资选项。这使得平台对不同类型借款人和投资者都具有吸引力。
高透明度：LendingClub 以其高透明度而闻名，详细披露每个贷款的风险评级和历史表现。这使投资者能够做出知情的决策。
全球扩展：随着对全球市场的扩展，LendingClub 提供了新的投资机会，使其成为寻求全球市场暴露的投资者的一个选择。
Fundrise: 投资于多种房地产项目
多样化的房地产投资：Fundrise 提供了多种房地产投资选择，包括住宅物业、办公楼、酒店和商业地产。这种多样化策略帮助分散风险，并提供多种收益来源。
简化的投资过程：Fundrise 简化了投资过程，使得小额投资者也能轻松参与房地产市场。最低投资金额通常较低，这使得它对初学者和小投资者非常友好。
专业管理：Fundrise 由专业的房地产团队管理，他们负责投资组合的选择和管理。这种专业管理提供了额外的安全保障。
实时数据和报告：Fundrise 提供实时的投资数据和详细的报告，使投资者能够随时了解他们的投资表现。
Funding Circle: 为中小企业提供支持
支持中小企业：Funding Circle 专注于为中小企业提供资金，这是传统金融机构常常忽视的市场。通过提供贷款，Funding Circle 帮助这些企业实现增长和扩展。
全球网络：Funding Circle 在全球多个国家运营，为中小企业提供跨国融资机会。这使得它成为寻求国际市场暴露的投资者的一个选择。
数据驱动的风险管理：Funding Circle 使用大数据和机器学习来评估企业的信用风险，确保投资的准确性和安全性。
透明的贷款结构：平台提供透明的贷款结构和回报信息，使投资者能够清楚地了解他们的投资。
Zopa: 英国的领导者
早期的英国平台：Zopa 是英国最早的 P2P 贷款平台之一，自2005年成立以来，已经为数百万投资者和借款人提供服务。
高回报机会：Zopa 提供了高回报机会，特别是在英国的经济环境中。
多样化的贷款选择：除了个人贷款外，Zopa 还提供了商业贷款和房地产贷款的选项，满足不同投资者的需求。
用户友好的平台：Zopa 的平台设计简单易用，使得新手投资者也能轻松上手。
Mintos: 欧洲的创新者
高回报潜力：Mintos 以其高回报潜力而闻名，尤其是其长期债券产品，提供了高达16%的回报率。
多样化的投资选择：Mintos 提供了多种投资选择，包括短期贷款和长期债券，满足不同风险偏好的投资者。
安全保障：Mintos 采用严格的风险管理和安全措施，确保投资者的资金安全。
全球扩展：Mintos 在欧洲市场的扩展为投资者提供了新的投资机会。
Upstart: 人工智能驱动的贷款平台
人工智能技术：Upstart 利用先进的人工智能和机器学习技术来评估借款人的信用风险，这使得平台能够提供更准确和公平的贷款决策。
灵活的贷款条件：Upstart 提供灵活的贷款条件，适应不同类型的借款人和贷款需求。
高回报机会：由于其创新的评估方法，Upstart 通常提供高于传统贷款平台的回报率。
多样化的贷款产品：除了个人贷款外，Upstart 还提供学生贷款再融资和小型企业贷款，满足多种贷款需求。
Bondora: 爱沙尼亚的领导者
全球市场扩展：Bondora 在爱沙尼亚成立后，迅速扩展到全球市场，成为全球 P2P 贷款的领导者之一。
高回报潜力：Bondora 提供高回报机会，尤其是其长期贷款产品，通常提供高于传统投资的回报率。
多样化的贷款选择：Bondora 提供多种贷款选择，包括个人贷款、商业贷款和房地产贷款，满足不同投资者的需求。
安全和透明：Bondora 采用严格的风险管理和安全措施，确保投资者安全和透明：Bondora 采用严格的风险管理和安全措施，确保投资者的资金安全。平台也非常注重透明度，详细披露每个贷款的风险评估和历史表现。
多样化的投资选择：Bondora 提供多种贷款选择，包括个人贷款、商业贷款和房地产贷款，满足不同投资者的需求。
Funding Societies: 社会影响的平台
社会责任：Funding Societies 致力于通过 P2P 贷款为发展中国家和欠发达地区的微企业和个人提供资金，推动社会经济发展。
多样化的项目：平台支持各种类型的项目，包括农业、手工业和小型企业，帮助这些地区实现经济增长。
高回报潜力：尽管风险较高，但由于项目的社会影响和增长潜力，Funding Societies 通常提供高回报的投资机会。
透明的投资流程：Funding Societies 非常注重投资透明度，详细披露每个项目的风险评估和历史表现，帮助投资者做出知情决策。
PeerStreet: 房地产与 P2P 贷款的创新者
详细的项目评估：PeerStreet 提供详细的项目评估和风险分析，使投资者能够充分了解每个项目的潜在收益和风险。这包括对物业的详细检查、市场分析和预测。
高回报潜力：由于房地产市场的增长潜力，PeerStreet 通常提供高于传统投资的回报率。
多样化投资选择：投资者可以选择从多个项目中投资，分散风险。这种多样化策略有助于管理风险，同时增加收益的可能性。
专业管理：PeerStreet 由专业的房地产团队管理，他们负责投资组合的选择和管理。这种专业管理提供了额外的安全保障。
Fundrise: 多样化的房地产投资
多样化的房地产投资：Fundrise 提供多种房地产投资选择，包括住宅物业、办公楼、酒店和商业地产。这种多样化策略帮助分散风险，并提供多种收益来源。
简化的投资过程：Fundrise 简化了投资过程，使得小额投资者也能轻松参与房地产市场。最低投资金额通常较低，这使得它对初学者和小投资者非常友好。
专业管理：Fundrise 由专业的房地产团队管理，他们负责投资组合的选择和管理。这种专业管理提供了额外的安全保障。
实时数据和报告：Fundrise 提供实时的投资数据和详细的报告，使投资者能够随时了解他们的投资表现。
Conclusion
P2P lending platforms offer a diverse range of investment opportunities, catering to different risk preferences and financial goals. Whether you're looking for high-yield returns in real estate, innovative tech-driven lending, or socially responsible investment opportunities, there's a platform that suits your needs. Each platform brings its unique strengths and features, making them attractive for both novice and experienced investors. By understanding the nuances of each platform, you can make informed decisions and unlock the full potential of P2P lending.
Remember, while P2P lending can offer attractive returns, it also carries risks. Always conduct thorough research and consider your risk tolerance before investing. Happy investing!
In today's digital economy, earning $100 a day through affiliate links is not just a dream but a practical possibility for many. Affiliate marketing has evolved into a robust strategy that blends creativity, tech-savviness, and savvy marketing skills. Here’s how you can tap into this lucrative opportunity.
Understanding Affiliate Marketing
Affiliate marketing is a performance-based marketing strategy where businesses reward affiliates (you!) for every customer brought through your referral link. Essentially, you promote a product or service, and if someone purchases it via your link, you earn a commission.
The Nuts and Bolts
Choosing the Right Affiliate Program: The first step is selecting the right affiliate programs. Look for industries that align with your audience or interests. Popular niches include health and wellness, finance, technology, and lifestyle. Some top affiliate networks include Amazon Associates, ShareASale, and ClickBank.
Building a Platform: You need a platform to showcase your affiliate links. This could be a blog, social media profiles, YouTube channel, or even an email list. The key is to choose where your audience spends their time.
Content Creation: High-quality content is your best friend. Create engaging, informative, and entertaining content that naturally incorporates your affiliate links. For instance, if you’re promoting a fitness program, write a blog post about the benefits of a particular workout routine and include a link to the program.
Strategies to Maximize Earnings
Niche Down: Focus on a specific niche to build authority and trust. For example, if you’re passionate about vegan cooking, create a blog dedicated to vegan recipes and affiliate links to vegan products.
SEO Optimization: Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is critical to driving organic traffic to your platform. Use relevant keywords, create high-quality backlinks, and optimize your content for search engines to attract more visitors.
Email Marketing: Build and nurture an email list. Share valuable content, tips, and exclusive affiliate offers with your subscribers. A well-maintained email list can be a goldmine for consistent earnings.
Social Media Leverage: Use social media platforms to reach a broader audience. Platforms like Instagram, Pinterest, and Facebook offer excellent opportunities to promote affiliate links through posts, stories, and ads.
Affiliate Link Management: Use tracking tools to monitor the performance of your affiliate links. This helps you identify which products are performing well and adjust your strategy accordingly.
Tools and Resources
Tracking Software: Use tools like Google Analytics to track your website’s traffic and conversions. Heatmap tools like Hotjar can give insights into user behavior.
Email Marketing Tools: Platforms like Mailchimp or ConvertKit can help you manage your email list and automate your campaigns.
Content Management Systems (CMS): Use a reliable CMS like WordPress to manage your blog. It offers various plugins to enhance SEO and user experience.
Real-Life Examples
The Fitness Blogger: Jane, a fitness enthusiast, started a blog about healthy eating and workouts. She partnered with a few fitness brands and used her blog and Instagram to promote their products. Through strategic content and SEO, she now earns $150 a day from affiliate links.
The Tech Reviewer: Mark reviews tech gadgets on his YouTube channel. By recommending products through affiliate links and optimizing his videos for SEO, he earns $100 a day.
Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them
Overpromising: Don’t overpromise and underdeliver. Authenticity builds trust. If you claim a product will change your life, back it up with genuine experience.
Ignoring Analytics: Failing to track your performance can lead to missed opportunities. Regularly review your analytics to understand what works and what doesn’t.
Neglecting Audience Engagement: Engage with your audience. Respond to comments, participate in discussions, and build a community around your content.
Conclusion
Earning $100 a day through affiliate links is achievable with the right strategy, dedication, and a bit of creativity. It’s about building a platform, creating valuable content, and leveraging various digital tools to reach and engage your audience. In the next part, we’ll dive deeper into advanced techniques and additional tools to supercharge your affiliate marketing success.
Stay tuned for more insights in part 2!
Advanced Techniques to Skyrocket Your Earnings
Building on the foundational strategies discussed, here’s how you can take your affiliate marketing game to the next level and consistently earn $100 a day or more.
Advanced Content Creation
Video Content: Video marketing is booming. Create engaging videos that review, demo, or provide tutorials on the products you’re promoting. Platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram Reels are great for this. Video content often converts better than text or static images.
Podcasting: If you enjoy speaking, start a podcast related to your niche. Affiliate links in your show notes or during the episode can be a powerful monetization tool. Many listeners trust your voice and are more likely to click on your links.
Interactive Content: Quizzes, polls, and surveys can engage your audience and provide valuable insights into their preferences. Use these insights to tailor your content and recommendations.
Leveraging Automation
Email Automation: Use automated email sequences to nurture leads and convert them into customers. Platforms like ActiveCampaign or ConvertKit allow you to set up automated responses to new subscribers, welcome emails, and follow-ups.
Social Media Scheduling: Tools like Buffer or Hootsuite can help you schedule posts in advance, ensuring consistent engagement without constant manual effort.
Content Syndication: Syndicate your content across multiple platforms to reach a wider audience. Repurpose blog posts into articles for guest blogging, social media posts, and even video scripts.
Utilizing Advanced SEO Techniques
Local SEO: If your niche has a local aspect, optimize for local SEO. Ensure your website has accurate and consistent NAP (Name, Address, Phone number) information, create a Google My Business listing, and encourage satisfied customers to leave reviews.
Backlink Building: Obtain high-quality backlinks from reputable sites in your niche. This boosts your site’s authority and search engine ranking. Guest posting, collaborations, and outreach to industry influencers can help you build these links.
Enhancing User Experience
Mobile Optimization: Ensure your website or platform is mobile-friendly. A significant portion of web traffic comes from mobile devices. Use responsive design and mobile-optimized content to enhance user experience.
Fast Load Times: Page load speed is crucial for both user experience and SEO. Use tools like GTmetrix or PageSpeed Insights to monitor and improve your site’s load time.
Interactive Elements: Incorporate interactive elements like chatbots, live chats, and comment sections to engage users and provide immediate assistance.
Scaling Your Efforts
Diversify Income Streams: Don’t rely on a single affiliate program. Diversify your income by partnering with multiple programs and offering a variety of products and services.
Ad Revenue: Consider integrating ad networks like Google AdSense to earn additional revenue. Ensure your ads are relevant and non-intrusive to maintain a good user experience.
Retargeting Campaigns: Use retargeting to bring back visitors who didn’t convert initially. Platforms like Facebook Ads and Google Ads offer robust retargeting options to re-engage potential customers.
Staying Ahead of the Curve
Market Trends: Stay updated with the latest trends in your niche. Use tools like Google Trends, social media, and industry forums to keep tabs on what’s popular and what’s not.
Continuous Learning: The digital landscape is always evolving. Invest time in learning new tools, techniques, and strategies. Attend webinars, read industry blogs, and participate in online courses.
Networking: Connect with other affiliate marketers to share experiences, tips, and strategies. Join forums, attend conferences, and participate in online communities like Reddit’s r/affiliate_marketing.
Real-Life Success Stories
The Health Coach: Sarah, a health and wellness coach, expanded her blog with video content and podcasts. By using advanced SEO techniques and retargeting campaigns, she now earns $300 a day from her affiliate links.
The Gadget Reviewer: Tom, a tech gadget reviewer, diversified his income streams by integrating Google AdSense and partnering with multiple affiliate programs. His daily earnings have doubled to $200.
Final Thoughts
Earning $100 a day through affiliate links is a attainable goal with the right mix of strategy, creativity, and persistence. By building a solid foundation, leveraging advanced techniques, and continuously optimizing your approach, you can maximize your earnings and achieve financial freedom.
Remember, success doesn’t happen overnight. It requires patience, dedication, and a willingness to learn and adapt. Stay committed, keep experimenting, and you’ll当然，让我们继续深入探讨如何通过优化和创新策略来进一步提升你的收入和影响力。
深度个性化与用户体验
个性化推荐系统：利用大数据和机器学习技术，为你的观众提供个性化的推荐。这不仅能提高用户留存率，还能提升点击率和转化率。
用户反馈与调整：定期收集用户反馈，了解他们的需求和偏好。根据反馈，不断优化你的内容和推荐系统。
多渠道整合
跨平台推广：不仅要在一个平台上站稳脚跟，还要在其他平台上进行推广。比如，在社交媒体、论坛、博客和电子邮件中都进行推广，以最大化你的影响力。
整合广告：利用不同形式的广告（如原生广告、视频广告、展示广告等）来扩大你的受众群体。
高质量内容与品牌合作
专家访谈与原创内容：邀请行业内的专家进行深度访谈，或者创作高质量、原创的内容，以提升你的品牌价值和信誉。
品牌合作：与相关品牌进行合作，推出联合推广活动或产品。这不仅能带来额外收入，还能扩大你的品牌影响力。
社区建设与互动
社交媒体社区：建立一个强大的社区，让用户能够互动、交流和分享。这可以通过建立论坛、组织在线讨论会等方式实现。
会员制与订阅服务：推出付费会员或订阅服务，提供独家内容、早期访问权和其他特权，以吸引那些对你的内容有高度兴趣的用户。
数据分析与优化
数据驱动决策：利用数据分析工具（如Google Analytics、Hotjar等）来跟踪和分析用户行为。通过这些数据，你可以了解哪些内容最受欢迎，哪些推广渠道最有效，从而做出更明智的决策。
A/B测试：对不同的内容、布局、广告和推广策略进行A/B测试，找出最佳方案，从而不断优化你的整体效果。
教育与培训
在线课程与工作坊：如果你在某个领域内有深厚的知识，可以考虑开设在线课程或工作坊，提供付费学习体验。
企业培训与咨询：如果你的专业知识能够为企业带来价值，可以提供定制化的企业培训和咨询服务。
技术创新
新技术应用：不断关注和应用新兴技术（如AR/VR、AI、区块链等），将它们融入到你的内容和服务中，以保持竞争力。
自动化工具：使用自动化工具（如内容生成工具、社交媒体管理工具等）来提高工作效率，从而有更多时间专注于创意和策略。
持续学习与创新
自我提升：不断学习新的知识和技能，保持与时俱进。参加行业会议、研讨会和培训课程，以提升自己的专业水平。
创新思维：保持创新思维，尝试新的推广方式和内容形式，以不断吸引和留住你的受众。
通过以上多方面的优化和创新，你将能够更有效地实现你的收入目标，并在你的领域内建立起强大的影响力。
The Future of Democratic Participation_ Anonymous Voting in Web3 DAOs
Unlock Your Earning Potential Daily Riches in the Blockchain Revolution