The Blockchain Investment Mindset Navigating the D
The shimmering allure of blockchain technology has undeniably captured the imagination of investors worldwide. Beyond the volatile dance of cryptocurrencies, lies a foundational technology with the potential to reshape industries, decentralize power, and redefine ownership. Investing in this space, however, is not for the faint of heart or the passively inclined. It demands a distinct "Blockchain Investment Mindset," a blend of visionary thinking, rigorous analysis, and an almost spiritual embrace of continuous learning. This isn't merely about spotting the next parabolic price surge; it's about understanding the deep currents of innovation, anticipating tectonic shifts, and building resilience in the face of unprecedented disruption.
At its core, the blockchain investment mindset begins with a profound appreciation for the underlying technology. It’s easy to get swept up in the speculative frenzy, chasing the latest trending token or the rumor of an impending "moonshot." However, a truly effective investor delves deeper. They seek to understand the “why” behind a project, not just the “what.” What problem does this blockchain solution aim to solve? Is it genuinely addressing a market inefficiency or creating a new one? This requires a commitment to education. Imagine trying to invest in the early internet without understanding TCP/IP, HTML, or the concept of decentralized networks. Similarly, grasping concepts like distributed ledgers, smart contracts, consensus mechanisms, and cryptography is paramount. This isn't about becoming a blockchain developer overnight, but about cultivating a functional literacy that allows for informed decision-making.
This leads to the second pillar: a focus on fundamental value, even in a nascent market. While traditional investment metrics might not always apply directly, the principle of seeking intrinsic worth remains. For blockchain projects, this translates to evaluating the robustness of the protocol, the strength of the development team, the clarity of the use case, and the potential for real-world adoption. Is the project building a decentralized exchange that offers superior functionality and user experience? Is it creating a supply chain solution that demonstrably improves transparency and efficiency? Is it developing a decentralized identity system that empowers individuals? These are the questions that separate speculative plays from genuine investment opportunities. It requires moving beyond the hype and scrutinizing the actual utility and long-term viability of the technology.
Furthermore, the blockchain investment mindset necessitates a keen understanding of risk. This is not an asset class for capital you cannot afford to lose. The volatility is undeniable, and the regulatory landscape is constantly evolving, often with a degree of unpredictability. Therefore, robust risk management strategies are not optional; they are fundamental. This includes rigorous due diligence, diversification across different types of blockchain assets (not just cryptocurrencies, but also equity in blockchain companies, or even venture capital funds focused on the space), and a clear strategy for capital allocation. Investors must define their risk tolerance and stick to it, avoiding emotional decisions driven by fear or greed. Setting stop-loss orders, having a clear exit strategy for both gains and losses, and never investing more than one can afford to lose are basic tenets that become amplified in the context of blockchain.
The decentralized nature of many blockchain projects also fosters a mindset of community and collaboration. Successful projects often have vibrant, engaged communities that contribute to development, marketing, and governance. Understanding the sentiment and activity within these communities can offer valuable insights into a project's health and future prospects. This is a stark departure from traditional corporate structures. Investors in the blockchain space are often not just passive shareholders but active participants. This can manifest through staking tokens, participating in governance proposals, or contributing to open-source development. Embracing this participatory ethos, and understanding its implications for project evolution, is a crucial aspect of the blockchain investment mindset. It’s about recognizing that value creation in this ecosystem is often a collective endeavor.
Moreover, patience and a long-term perspective are indispensable. The transformative potential of blockchain is unlikely to be realized overnight. We are still in the early innings of this technological revolution, and the journey will undoubtedly be filled with both breakthroughs and setbacks. Investors who expect immediate, guaranteed returns are likely to be disappointed. Instead, a successful blockchain investor cultivates the patience to weather market downturns, the foresight to identify long-term trends, and the conviction to hold through periods of uncertainty. This is akin to investing in the early internet; the truly successful investors were those who saw beyond the dot-com bubble and understood the enduring power of connected networks. They understood that innovation takes time to mature and achieve widespread adoption.
Finally, the blockchain investment mindset is one of continuous adaptation and learning. The technology is evolving at an exponential pace. New protocols, use cases, and regulatory frameworks emerge with remarkable frequency. What was cutting-edge yesterday might be obsolete tomorrow. Therefore, a commitment to lifelong learning is paramount. This means staying informed about the latest developments, understanding emerging trends, and being willing to revise one’s assumptions and strategies as new information becomes available. It requires intellectual humility, the willingness to admit when one is wrong, and the agility to pivot when necessary. This dynamic environment demands a proactive, curious, and adaptable investor who sees challenges not as roadblocks, but as opportunities to learn and grow. The ability to unlearn and relearn is perhaps the most valuable skill in this rapidly changing digital frontier.
Continuing our exploration of the "Blockchain Investment Mindset," we delve deeper into the strategic nuances and psychological fortifications required to navigate this revolutionary landscape. Beyond the foundational understanding of technology and risk management, a sophisticated investor cultivates a distinct approach to opportunity identification, portfolio construction, and the art of navigating inevitable market corrections. This mindset isn't static; it's a dynamic framework that evolves with the technology and the market itself.
A critical component of this evolved mindset is the ability to differentiate between genuine innovation and mere hype. The blockchain space is rife with projects that promise the moon but deliver little substance. This requires a discerning eye for "vaporware" – projects that have a compelling narrative but lack concrete development, a viable roadmap, or a clear path to adoption. A discerning investor asks probing questions: Is there a working prototype or a testnet? What is the actual code commit history like? Who are the reputable auditors of their smart contracts? Is there a verifiable team with a track record of success, or are they anonymous figures hiding behind pseudonyms? This rigorous due diligence acts as a crucial filter, separating the signal from the noise. It’s about looking beyond the polished marketing materials and dissecting the underlying substance of the project.
Furthermore, the blockchain investment mindset embraces the concept of "ecosystem thinking." Rather than evaluating individual projects in isolation, a forward-thinking investor considers how different blockchain applications and protocols interact and complement each other. The true power of blockchain lies not just in isolated applications, but in the interconnected web of decentralized services they can form. For example, understanding how a decentralized finance (DeFi) protocol interacts with a decentralized identity solution, or how a blockchain-based gaming platform might leverage non-fungible tokens (NFTs) for unique in-game assets, provides a more holistic view of potential value creation. This requires an appreciation for network effects and the synergistic potential of interconnected technologies, anticipating how these nascent ecosystems will mature and potentially displace traditional centralized systems.
The psychological fortitude demanded by blockchain investing cannot be overstated. This asset class is renowned for its volatility, often experiencing dramatic price swings within short periods. An investor must develop a robust emotional discipline to avoid succumbing to "FOMO" (Fear Of Missing Out) during bull runs and capitulation during bear markets. This is where a well-defined investment thesis and a clear long-term strategy become invaluable. When the market is in turmoil, revisiting the fundamental reasons for investing in a particular project can provide the necessary anchor to weather the storm. It’s about distinguishing between a temporary correction and a fundamental flaw in the underlying asset. This often means developing a conscious practice of mindfulness and emotional regulation, detaching personal identity from investment performance.
Moreover, the blockchain investment mindset actively seeks to understand and leverage emerging trends. This isn't about chasing fads, but about identifying paradigm shifts. Consider the evolution from early cryptocurrencies focused on peer-to-peer transactions to the rise of smart contract platforms enabling decentralized applications, followed by the explosion of NFTs and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs). Each of these represented a significant evolution, and investors who were early to recognize and invest in these emerging trends often reaped substantial rewards. This requires a proactive approach to research, staying abreast of academic papers, attending industry conferences (virtually or in person), and engaging with thought leaders. It's about cultivating an anticipatory rather than reactive stance towards technological advancement.
The concept of decentralization itself requires a nuanced understanding of governance and community. In many blockchain projects, token holders have a say in the future direction of the protocol. A wise investor understands that the strength and engagement of a project’s community, and the effectiveness of its governance mechanisms, are often crucial indicators of its long-term success. This might involve participating in community forums, understanding voting mechanisms, and evaluating the quality of proposals and discussions. It means recognizing that the "wisdom of the crowd," when properly channeled, can be a powerful force for innovation and resilience. This is a departure from traditional shareholder activism; in the blockchain world, participation can be far more direct and impactful.
Portfolio construction in the blockchain space also requires a unique approach. Diversification is key, but it extends beyond simply holding multiple cryptocurrencies. It involves considering different categories of blockchain assets: utility tokens, security tokens (where legally permissible), NFTs, equity in blockchain-focused companies, and even decentralized finance (DeFi) yield-generating strategies. A well-diversified portfolio might allocate capital across different sectors of the blockchain economy – for example, payments, decentralized computing, gaming, supply chain, and digital identity. This layered approach helps mitigate risk while capturing potential upside across various facets of this burgeoning technology. It’s about building a resilient, multi-faceted investment vehicle.
Finally, the truly successful blockchain investor cultivates a mindset of resilience and continuous improvement. Setbacks are inevitable. Projects will fail, markets will crash, and regulatory hurdles will emerge. The ability to learn from mistakes, adapt strategies, and persevere in the face of adversity is paramount. This involves regularly reviewing investment performance, analyzing what went right and what went wrong, and refining one’s approach accordingly. It’s a journey of constant learning and recalibration. The digital frontier of blockchain is not a destination but an ongoing expedition. Those who approach it with a mindset of curiosity, critical thinking, adaptability, and unwavering resilience are best positioned to not only survive but to thrive amidst the transformative power of this revolutionary technology. This journey requires courage, conviction, and a perpetual commitment to understanding the evolving landscape of decentralized innovation.
The digital revolution has consistently reshaped how we transact, create, and interact. Yet, the advent of blockchain technology represents a paradigm shift, a fundamental reimagining of trust, transparency, and value exchange. More than just the backbone of cryptocurrencies, blockchain is a robust infrastructure capable of supporting an astonishing array of revenue models, many of which are still in their nascent stages of development. Understanding these models is key to navigating the burgeoning Web3 landscape and harnessing its immense potential.
At its core, blockchain is a distributed, immutable ledger that records transactions across many computers. This decentralization eliminates the need for central authorities, fostering a trustless environment where participants can interact directly and securely. This inherent characteristic forms the bedrock for many innovative revenue streams.
One of the most prominent and foundational revenue models revolves around transaction fees. In public blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum, users pay a small fee to miners or validators for processing and confirming their transactions. This fee incentivizes network participants to maintain the integrity and security of the blockchain. For developers building on these networks, transaction fees are an indirect revenue source; they design applications (dApps) that leverage the blockchain, and the network's inherent fee structure supports the ecosystem. The economics of these fees can fluctuate based on network congestion, creating a dynamic market for transaction priority.
Beyond basic transaction fees, tokenization has emerged as a powerful revenue engine. This involves representing real-world or digital assets as digital tokens on a blockchain. These tokens can then be bought, sold, or traded, creating liquidity and value for assets that were previously illiquid. For businesses, tokenization can unlock new markets by fractionalizing ownership of high-value assets like real estate, art, or even intellectual property. The revenue here comes from the issuance of these tokens, the trading fees generated on secondary markets, and potentially ongoing management or service fees associated with the underlying asset. Imagine a startup tokenizing its future revenue streams, allowing investors to buy a share of its success. This democratizes investment and provides early-stage funding for innovative projects.
The rise of Decentralized Applications (dApps) has opened up a vast frontier for blockchain-based revenue. Unlike traditional apps reliant on centralized servers and app stores, dApps run on decentralized networks. Their revenue models can mirror traditional software, but with a decentralized twist. This includes:
Subscription Models: Users might pay a recurring fee, often in cryptocurrency, to access premium features or services within a dApp. This could be for advanced analytics in a decentralized finance (DeFi) platform, enhanced gaming capabilities in a blockchain game, or exclusive content on a decentralized social network. Pay-per-Use: Similar to traditional cloud services, users can be charged based on their consumption of resources on the blockchain. This might involve paying for data storage on a decentralized cloud platform or computational power for complex smart contract executions. Freemium Models: Offering a basic version of the dApp for free, with users able to upgrade to premium features through payment. This strategy can attract a large user base and then monetize engaged users.
Smart Contracts are the engines that power many of these dApp functionalities. These are self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement directly written into code. They automatically execute actions when predefined conditions are met. For developers and businesses, smart contracts can generate revenue through:
Development and Deployment Fees: Companies specializing in smart contract development charge for their expertise in building and auditing these complex pieces of code. The security and efficiency of a smart contract are paramount, making skilled developers highly sought after. Royalty Payments: Smart contracts can be programmed to automatically distribute royalties to creators or rights holders whenever an asset (like a digital artwork or a piece of music) is resold on a blockchain. This is a revolutionary concept for artists and content creators, ensuring they receive ongoing compensation for their work. Automated Escrow and Payment Systems: Businesses can leverage smart contracts to manage escrow services or facilitate automated payments between parties, charging a fee for the secure and transparent execution of these processes.
The explosive growth of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) has introduced entirely new avenues for revenue. NFTs are unique digital assets that represent ownership of a specific item, whether digital art, collectibles, music, or in-game assets. The revenue models associated with NFTs are multifaceted:
Primary Sales: Creators and brands can sell their NFTs directly to consumers, capturing the initial value of their digital creations. This has allowed artists to monetize their digital art without intermediaries and game developers to sell unique in-game items. Secondary Market Royalties: As mentioned with smart contracts, NFTs can be programmed to pay a percentage of every subsequent sale back to the original creator. This provides a sustainable, ongoing revenue stream for artists and creators, a concept previously unimaginable in many digital markets. NFT-Gated Content and Experiences: Owning a specific NFT can grant access to exclusive content, communities, events, or premium services. Businesses can use NFTs as a form of digital membership, generating revenue through initial NFT sales and by creating ongoing value for holders. Utility NFTs: These NFTs offer specific functionalities or benefits beyond just ownership. This could be access to a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO), voting rights, or in-game advantages. The revenue is generated through the sale of these functional assets.
The realm of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) has become a significant driver of blockchain revenue. DeFi aims to recreate traditional financial services—lending, borrowing, trading, insurance—on decentralized networks without intermediaries. Key revenue models within DeFi include:
Yield Farming and Staking Rewards: Users can earn rewards by providing liquidity to DeFi protocols or staking their tokens to secure the network. While users are earning, the protocols themselves generate revenue through transaction fees and by taking a small cut of the yield generated. Lending and Borrowing Fees: DeFi platforms facilitate peer-to-peer lending and borrowing. The platform can take a spread between the interest rates offered to lenders and borrowers, or charge a small fee for facilitating the transaction. Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs): DEXs allow users to trade cryptocurrencies directly from their wallets. They typically generate revenue through trading fees, which are usually a small percentage of each transaction. Insurance Protocols: Decentralized insurance platforms offer coverage against smart contract failures, stablecoin de-pegging, or other risks within the DeFi ecosystem. They generate revenue through premiums paid by users.
Blockchain technology’s inherent security and transparency also lend themselves to new models in data management and privacy. Companies are exploring ways to monetize secure data sharing and control.
Decentralized Data Marketplaces: Individuals can choose to monetize their own data by selling it securely and anonymously through decentralized marketplaces. The platform facilitates these transactions and takes a small fee. Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs): ZKPs allow one party to prove the truth of a statement to another party without revealing any information beyond the validity of the statement itself. This has immense potential for privacy-preserving services, where businesses can offer verification services without handling sensitive data, charging for these secure verification processes.
The move towards Web3, the next iteration of the internet, is intrinsically linked to blockchain revenue models. Web3 envisions a decentralized internet where users have more control over their data and digital identities. This shift is creating opportunities for:
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs): DAOs are member-owned communities governed by smart contracts and token holders. Revenue can be generated through membership fees, the sale of governance tokens, or through investments made by the DAO itself. The DAO's treasury, often funded through these means, is then used for development, grants, or other initiatives. Creator Economy Platforms: Blockchain is enabling new models for content creators, moving away from ad-heavy platforms. Creators can sell their work directly, offer subscriptions, or receive tips and royalties directly from their audience, often facilitated by crypto payments and NFTs.
The underlying infrastructure of blockchain itself also creates revenue opportunities.
Node Operation and Validation Services: Running and maintaining nodes for blockchain networks requires significant technical expertise and resources. Companies can offer these services, earning rewards or fees for ensuring network uptime and security. Blockchain Development and Consulting: As blockchain technology matures, there's a growing demand for skilled developers, architects, and consultants. Businesses specializing in blockchain development, integration, and strategic advisory services generate revenue by offering their expertise to other organizations looking to adopt or build on blockchain. Blockchain Analytics and Security Audits: The transparency of the blockchain can be a double-edged sword. Companies offering advanced analytics to track transactions, identify fraud, or provide security audits for smart contracts and dApps are finding a strong market.
The path forward for blockchain revenue models is one of constant innovation. As the technology matures and adoption expands, we will undoubtedly see even more creative and sophisticated ways for individuals and organizations to generate value and participate in the decentralized economy. The key lies in understanding the fundamental principles of decentralization, tokenization, and smart contracts, and then applying them to solve real-world problems and create new opportunities.
The initial excitement surrounding blockchain technology was largely tethered to its role as the engine for cryptocurrencies. Bitcoin’s groundbreaking emergence demonstrated a new form of digital scarcity and a decentralized alternative to traditional fiat currencies. However, the narrative has rapidly evolved, revealing a complex and diverse ecosystem of blockchain revenue models that extend far beyond simple coin-based transactions. These models are not merely theoretical; they are actively shaping industries, empowering creators, and redefining economic interactions in the digital age.
One of the most foundational revenue streams within the blockchain ecosystem is directly tied to transaction fees. On public blockchains, users are required to pay a small fee, often denominated in the network’s native cryptocurrency, to compensate the miners or validators who process and confirm their transactions. This fee structure is crucial for incentivizing the network’s security and operational integrity. For developers building decentralized applications (dApps) on these networks, these transaction fees represent an indirect revenue stream, as the existence and utilization of their applications contribute to the overall demand for network services. The economic viability of these fees can be quite dynamic, fluctuating with network congestion, which in turn influences the cost of performing transactions and the priority users are willing to pay.
Moving beyond basic transaction mechanics, the concept of tokenization has emerged as a significant revenue generator. This process involves converting rights to an asset—whether tangible, like real estate or art, or intangible, like intellectual property or future revenue streams—into digital tokens on a blockchain. These tokens can then be traded, exchanged, or utilized, effectively unlocking liquidity for assets that were previously difficult to divide or sell. For businesses, tokenization can open up entirely new markets by enabling fractional ownership. This democratizes investment opportunities, allowing a wider range of investors to participate in assets previously accessible only to a select few. Revenue is generated through the initial issuance of these tokens, subsequent trading fees on secondary markets, and potentially through ongoing management or service fees associated with the underlying asset. Imagine a startup that tokens its future intellectual property royalties, enabling investors to gain exposure to its creative output while providing the company with crucial early-stage funding.
The proliferation of Decentralized Applications (dApps) has unlocked a vast array of blockchain-native revenue streams. Unlike traditional applications that rely on centralized servers and are often monetized through app stores or advertising, dApps leverage the decentralized infrastructure of blockchains. Their revenue models, while sometimes mirroring familiar patterns, are fundamentally altered by their decentralized nature:
Subscription and Access Fees: Users may pay recurring fees, typically in cryptocurrency, to access enhanced features, premium content, or specialized services within a dApp. This could range from advanced trading tools on a decentralized exchange (DEX) to exclusive access in a blockchain-based gaming metaverse. Usage-Based Monetization: Similar to pay-as-you-go cloud services, users can be charged based on their consumption of decentralized network resources. This might involve paying for data storage on a decentralized cloud platform, computational power for complex smart contract executions, or bandwidth usage on a decentralized content delivery network. Freemium Models with Decentralized Upgrades: Offering a basic version of a dApp for free can attract a broad user base. Monetization occurs when users choose to upgrade to premium features or unlock advanced functionalities, often through token purchases or service agreements executed via smart contracts.
Smart Contracts, the self-executing code that automates agreements on the blockchain, are pivotal in enabling many of these dApp functionalities and generating revenue:
Development and Auditing Services: The complexity and security demands of smart contracts create a market for specialized development and auditing firms. These companies charge for their expertise in designing, coding, and verifying the integrity of smart contracts, ensuring they function as intended and are free from vulnerabilities. Automated Royalty Distribution: Smart contracts can be programmed to automatically distribute a percentage of secondary sales revenue back to the original creator of a digital asset, such as artwork or music. This provides artists and content creators with a sustainable, ongoing income stream directly tied to the lifecycle of their work. Decentralized Escrow and Payment Systems: Businesses can utilize smart contracts to establish secure, transparent, and automated escrow services or payment systems. By automating these processes, they can offer these services and charge a fee for their efficient and reliable execution.
The meteoric rise of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) has been a catalyst for entirely new revenue models, particularly in the creative and digital asset space:
Primary and Secondary Sales: Creators, artists, and brands can directly sell NFTs, capturing the initial value of their digital creations. Furthermore, NFTs can be programmed with royalties that automatically trigger a percentage of all subsequent resale profits to be sent back to the original creator, offering a continuous revenue stream that was previously unattainable in many digital markets. NFT-Gated Access and Communities: Ownership of specific NFTs can serve as a digital key, granting holders access to exclusive content, private communities, early product releases, or special events. This model allows businesses and creators to build and monetize dedicated communities around their digital assets. Utility-Driven NFTs: Beyond mere ownership, NFTs can be designed to provide practical functionalities. This includes in-game assets that offer advantages, digital identities that grant access to services, or governance tokens that provide voting rights within a decentralized organization. Revenue is generated from the sale of these functional NFTs.
The burgeoning field of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) has become a significant engine for blockchain-based revenue, aiming to replicate traditional financial services in a disintermediated manner:
Liquidity Provision and Yield Farming: Users can earn rewards by depositing their crypto assets into liquidity pools on DEXs or by staking tokens to support various DeFi protocols. While users earn returns, the protocols themselves often generate revenue through a small cut of trading fees, interest spreads, or performance fees. Decentralized Lending and Borrowing: DeFi platforms facilitate peer-to-peer lending and borrowing. Revenue is generated by the spread between interest rates paid to lenders and interest rates charged to borrowers, or through small platform fees applied to these transactions. Decentralized Insurance: Protocols offering insurance against risks like smart contract exploits or stablecoin de-pegging generate revenue through the premiums paid by users seeking coverage within the DeFi ecosystem.
The inherent security, transparency, and immutability of blockchain technology are paving the way for innovative revenue models in data management and privacy:
Decentralized Data Marketplaces: Individuals can gain control over their personal data and choose to monetize it by securely selling access to it through decentralized marketplaces. These platforms facilitate these transactions while taking a small fee. Privacy-Preserving Analytics: Technologies like Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) enable verifiable computations without revealing underlying data. Businesses can offer services for data verification and analytics, charging for the ability to prove information without compromising privacy, opening up new revenue streams in sensitive sectors.
The evolution towards Web3, an internet characterized by decentralization and user ownership, is fundamentally underpinned by these blockchain revenue models. Web3 aims to shift power away from centralized platforms and back to users and creators:
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs): DAOs, community-governed entities operated by smart contracts and token holders, can generate revenue through various means, including the sale of governance tokens, membership fees, or through investment strategies managed by the DAO itself. The treasury, funded by these revenues, supports further development and community initiatives. Creator Economy Empowerment: Blockchain-based platforms are enabling creators to bypass traditional intermediaries, allowing them to directly monetize their content through token sales, subscriptions, direct fan support (tipping), and automated royalty payments, fostering a more equitable creator economy.
Finally, the foundational infrastructure and services that support the blockchain ecosystem itself represent significant revenue opportunities:
Node Operation and Network Services: Running and maintaining the nodes that power blockchain networks requires substantial technical resources and expertise. Companies providing these services earn rewards or fees for ensuring network uptime, security, and transaction processing. Blockchain Development and Consulting: The demand for specialized blockchain expertise continues to grow. Firms offering end-to-end blockchain development, integration, strategic consulting, and custom dApp creation are generating substantial revenue by helping businesses navigate and adopt this transformative technology. Security Audits and Analytics: The transparency and complexity of blockchain transactions necessitate specialized security and analytical services. Companies that provide smart contract audits, transaction analysis, fraud detection, and compliance solutions are essential to the ecosystem's health and profitability.
As blockchain technology continues its rapid evolution, the landscape of revenue models will undoubtedly become even more sophisticated and diverse. The core principles of decentralization, tokenization, and programmable value are powerful enablers of innovation, promising to unlock new economic paradigms and empower a new generation of digital enterprises and creators.