Unlocking the Future Navigating the Innovative Rev
The blockchain revolution is no longer a whisper in the tech corridors; it's a roaring crescendo, fundamentally altering how we conceive of value, ownership, and exchange. At its heart, blockchain technology is a distributed, immutable ledger, offering unprecedented transparency, security, and efficiency. But beyond its technical prowess lies a fertile ground for entirely new economic paradigms, giving rise to innovative revenue models that are reshaping industries and empowering individuals. As we stand on the cusp of Web3, understanding these emergent financial architectures is paramount for anyone looking to thrive in this decentralized future.
One of the most foundational and pervasive revenue models in the blockchain space revolves around tokenization. Tokens, in essence, are digital representations of assets or utility on a blockchain. This can range from cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, designed as a medium of exchange, to utility tokens that grant access to specific services or platforms, and security tokens that represent ownership in real-world assets like real estate or company shares. For businesses, tokenization opens up a plethora of revenue streams.
Firstly, initial coin offerings (ICOs), and their more regulated successors like initial exchange offerings (IEOs) and security token offerings (STOs), have become powerful fundraising mechanisms. Companies can issue their own tokens to raise capital, bypassing traditional financial intermediaries. The revenue generated here comes directly from the sale of these tokens to investors. While ICOs of the past were often rife with speculation and regulatory uncertainty, the evolution towards IEOs (conducted on cryptocurrency exchanges) and STOs (adhering to securities regulations) has brought a greater degree of legitimacy and investor protection. The revenue for the issuing entity is the capital raised, which can then be used for development, marketing, and scaling the project.
Beyond fundraising, utility tokens themselves can be a direct source of revenue. Projects that offer decentralized applications (dApps) or services often require users to hold or spend their native utility token to access these features. For instance, a decentralized cloud storage service might charge users in its proprietary token for data storage. The company or decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) behind the service then benefits from the demand for and circulation of its token. This creates a symbiotic relationship: users gain access to a valuable service, and the project generates revenue through token utility and, potentially, appreciation of the token's value.
Another powerful token-based model is transaction fees. Many blockchain networks, especially those supporting smart contracts and dApps, charge a small fee for processing transactions or executing smart contract functions. These fees, often paid in the network's native cryptocurrency (e.g., ETH on Ethereum, SOL on Solana), are distributed among network validators or miners who secure the network. For the protocol itself, this acts as a self-sustaining revenue mechanism that incentivizes network participants and ensures its continued operation. For businesses building on these platforms, understanding and factoring in these transaction costs, or "gas fees," is crucial for their own economic models.
Moving into the realm of Decentralized Finance (DeFi), a complex yet incredibly promising ecosystem built on blockchain technology, we find even more sophisticated revenue generation strategies. DeFi aims to recreate traditional financial services – lending, borrowing, trading, insurance – without central authorities.
Lending and borrowing protocols are a cornerstone of DeFi. Platforms like Aave and Compound allow users to lend their crypto assets to earn interest, and others to borrow assets by providing collateral. The revenue generated by these protocols typically comes from the interest rate spread. Borrowers pay an interest rate on their loans, and lenders receive a portion of that interest. The protocol takes a small cut of the difference as its fee for facilitating the transaction and managing the smart contracts. This model taps into the fundamental economic activity of capital allocation, making capital more accessible and productive.
Decentralized exchanges (DEXs) offer another significant DeFi revenue stream. Unlike centralized exchanges, DEXs allow users to trade cryptocurrencies directly from their wallets using automated market makers (AMMs) instead of traditional order books. Protocols like Uniswap and SushiSwap generate revenue primarily through trading fees. When a user swaps one token for another on a DEX, a small percentage of the transaction value is charged as a fee. These fees are typically distributed among liquidity providers – users who deposit pairs of tokens into trading pools to facilitate trades – and sometimes a portion is allocated to the protocol itself, either for development or to be used in governance.
Yield farming and liquidity mining are sophisticated strategies that, while often viewed as incentive mechanisms, also underpin revenue generation. Projects offer rewards in their native tokens to users who provide liquidity to their platforms or stake their tokens. While the primary goal is often to bootstrap liquidity and decentralize governance, the inherent value and trading activity of these rewarded tokens contribute to the overall economic health and potential revenue of the project. The value accrues to the project through the demand for its token, which is driven by its utility, governance rights, and potential for future appreciation.
Staking itself, a process where users lock up their cryptocurrency holdings to support the operations of a Proof-of-Stake blockchain, also generates revenue. Stakers are rewarded with newly minted coins and transaction fees. For businesses or DAOs that manage staking pools or offer staking services, they can take a small commission on the rewards earned by their users. This model leverages the need for network security and consensus in Proof-of-Stake systems to create a consistent income stream.
The advent of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) has introduced a revolutionary dimension to blockchain revenue models, moving beyond fungible digital assets to unique, indivisible digital items. NFTs represent ownership of digital or physical assets, from art and collectibles to in-game items and even real estate. This uniqueness unlocks entirely new ways to monetize digital creation and ownership.
The most direct revenue model for NFTs is the primary sale. Artists, creators, or developers can mint NFTs representing their digital creations and sell them directly to consumers on marketplaces. The revenue here is the price fetched for the initial sale, allowing creators to monetize their work directly and retain a larger share of the profits compared to traditional art or media sales.
However, the innovation doesn't stop at the first sale. A groundbreaking revenue model enabled by NFTs is creator royalties. Through smart contracts, it's possible to embed a royalty percentage into an NFT that is automatically paid to the original creator every time the NFT is resold on a secondary market. This is a paradigm shift for creators, providing them with a continuous passive income stream tied to the ongoing success and desirability of their work. Imagine a digital artist selling an artwork for $100, with a 10% royalty. If that artwork is later resold for $1,000, the artist automatically receives $100, and this can happen repeatedly.
NFTs also power new revenue models within gaming and the metaverse. In play-to-earn (P2E) games, players can earn NFTs or cryptocurrencies by participating in the game. These in-game assets can then be sold for real-world value, creating an economic ecosystem where player effort is directly rewarded. Game developers generate revenue not only from the initial sale of game-related NFTs (like unique characters, weapons, or land plots) but also from transaction fees on their in-game marketplaces and potentially from ongoing in-game services or content updates. The metaverse, a persistent, shared virtual space, heavily relies on NFTs for virtual land ownership, avatars, wearables, and other digital assets, all of which can be bought, sold, and traded, creating a vibrant economy with multiple revenue touchpoints for platform creators and users alike.
Furthermore, NFTs are being explored for fractional ownership. Complex or high-value assets, like rare collectibles or premium real estate, can be tokenized into multiple NFTs, allowing a broader range of investors to own a piece of the asset. The revenue comes from the sale of these fractional tokens, democratizing access to investments previously out of reach for many. The underlying asset's value appreciation benefits all fractional owners proportionally.
Finally, we see the emergence of blockchain-as-a-service (BaaS) providers. These companies offer businesses the infrastructure and tools to build and deploy their own blockchain solutions without needing to develop the underlying technology from scratch. Revenue is generated through subscription fees, usage-based pricing, or one-time setup fees, catering to enterprises looking to leverage blockchain for supply chain management, digital identity, or secure data sharing. This model democratizes access to blockchain technology for traditional businesses.
The blockchain landscape is a rapidly evolving tapestry of financial innovation. From the fundamental principles of tokenization and the intricate mechanisms of DeFi to the unique ownership paradigms of NFTs and the foundational support of BaaS, these revenue models are not just about profit; they are about empowering creators, democratizing access to capital, and building more transparent, efficient, and user-centric digital economies. Understanding these models is key to navigating and capitalizing on the transformative potential of blockchain.
Continuing our exploration into the dynamic world of blockchain revenue models, we delve deeper into the sophisticated and often interconnected strategies that are defining the economic landscape of Web3. The initial wave of tokenization, DeFi, and NFTs has laid a robust foundation, and now we see these concepts evolving, merging, and spawning entirely new avenues for value creation and capture. The true power of blockchain lies in its composability – the ability for different protocols and applications to interact and build upon each other, creating a richer and more complex economic ecosystem.
One significant area of growth is in the realm of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) and their associated revenue models. DAOs are blockchain-based organizations governed by code and community consensus, rather than a traditional hierarchical structure. While DAOs are often focused on collective goals like managing a protocol or funding public goods, they also employ sophisticated revenue generation strategies to sustain their operations and reward their members.
Revenue for DAOs can come from several sources. Protocol fees are a primary driver, especially for DAOs governing DeFi protocols. As mentioned earlier, these fees from lending, trading, or other financial activities are often directed towards the DAO's treasury, providing it with funds to operate, invest, or distribute as rewards. Grant programs can also be a source of revenue, where DAOs receive funding from foundations or other organizations to support specific initiatives within their ecosystem.
Furthermore, DAOs can generate revenue through token sales (akin to ICOs/STOs but for DAO governance tokens) or by investing treasury assets. Many DAOs hold a diverse portfolio of cryptocurrencies and other digital assets, which they can actively manage to generate returns. This can involve yield farming, staking, or even venturing into early-stage crypto projects. The revenue generated from these investments is then reinvested into the DAO's ecosystem or distributed to token holders. Services offered by the DAO are also emerging, where specialized DAOs might offer consulting, development, or auditing services in exchange for payment, further diversifying their income.
The evolution of smart contracts beyond simple financial transactions has unlocked novel revenue models. Decentralized identity (DID) solutions, built on blockchain, offer users sovereign control over their digital identities. While the direct revenue model for DIDs might seem elusive, it underpins many other profitable ventures. For instance, companies that want to verify user identities or leverage verified data can pay for access through a privacy-preserving system managed by a DID protocol. The revenue generated would flow back to the protocol or the entities that secure and manage the identity layer. Think of it as a secure, consent-driven data marketplace where users control their data, and businesses pay for verified, anonymized insights.
Another emerging area is blockchain-based gaming and the metaverse, which we touched upon with NFTs. Beyond the sale of in-game assets, sophisticated revenue models are at play. Play-to-earn (P2E) continues to be a dominant force, where players earn cryptocurrency and NFTs through gameplay. The platforms themselves generate revenue through a variety of means: a percentage of fees on in-game asset marketplaces, the sale of initial "land" or premium assets, and sometimes through advertising or partnerships within the virtual worlds. The concept of "renting" NFTs for gameplay is also gaining traction, allowing players who may not own certain valuable NFTs to access them for a fee, thus creating revenue for the NFT owners and the platform. The metaverse, in particular, is being envisioned as a persistent digital economy where virtual real estate, entertainment venues, and services are all monetized through blockchain-based transactions, creating a complex web of economic activity and revenue opportunities for creators, developers, and users.
Decentralized storage and computing networks represent a different, yet equally vital, class of blockchain revenue models. Projects like Filecoin and Arweave are building decentralized alternatives to cloud storage. Their revenue models are based on users paying for storage space and retrieval of data, typically in the native cryptocurrency of the network. Miners or storage providers earn these fees for offering their hard drive space and ensuring data availability. Similarly, decentralized computing networks allow individuals and entities to rent out their unused processing power for tasks like AI training or rendering, with revenue flowing to the providers. This model taps into the vast, underutilized computing resources available globally.
The concept of "data monetization" is being profoundly reshaped by blockchain. Instead of large corporations harvesting and selling user data without explicit consent, blockchain enables user-controlled data marketplaces. Individuals can choose to sell access to their anonymized data for specific purposes, receiving direct compensation in cryptocurrency. This empowers users, transforming them from passive data subjects into active participants in the data economy, with revenue flowing directly to them. For businesses, this offers a more ethical and transparent way to acquire valuable data insights.
Beyond direct transactions and asset sales, advertising and marketing are also being re-imagined. Decentralized advertising networks are emerging that reward users with cryptocurrency for viewing ads, rather than relying on opaque data collection and targeting by intermediaries. This creates a more direct and transparent relationship between advertisers, publishers (who might be dApp developers or content creators), and consumers. Revenue is generated by advertisers paying into the network, which then distributes a significant portion to users and publishers, fostering a more equitable advertising ecosystem.
The intersection of blockchain and the Internet of Things (IoT) presents further revenue opportunities. By using blockchain to secure and manage data from IoT devices, new models emerge for supply chain tracking, predictive maintenance, and smart energy grids. For instance, a smart meter could autonomously sell excess energy back to the grid or buy electricity at optimal times, with all transactions recorded and settled on a blockchain, creating new revenue streams for individuals and businesses managing these devices. The integrity and immutability of blockchain ensure trust and transparency in these automated transactions.
We also see the rise of "Blockchain-as-a-Service" (BaaS) platforms maturing. These platforms provide enterprises with the tools and infrastructure to build and deploy blockchain solutions without the significant upfront investment in specialized expertise and hardware. Revenue is generated through tiered subscription models, pay-as-you-go usage, and professional services for custom integrations. This model democratizes blockchain adoption for businesses seeking to improve efficiency, security, and transparency in their operations, such as supply chain management, digital asset tracking, or secure record-keeping.
Finally, it's important to acknowledge the role of governance tokens as a revenue-generating mechanism, even if indirectly. While primarily designed to grant voting rights and participation in decentralized governance, the value of these tokens is intrinsically linked to the success and adoption of the underlying protocol or platform. As the protocol generates revenue through its various models (transaction fees, service charges, etc.), this success can lead to an appreciation in the value of its governance token. Token holders, therefore, benefit from the overall economic health of the ecosystem they help govern, creating a powerful incentive for active participation and long-term alignment.
In conclusion, the revenue models in the blockchain space are as diverse and innovative as the technology itself. They are moving beyond simple token sales to encompass complex ecosystems of decentralized finance, unique digital ownership, community-governed organizations, and the secure management of data and resources. The underlying principle remains consistent: leveraging blockchain's inherent transparency, security, and decentralization to create more equitable, efficient, and valuable economic interactions. As this technology continues to mature, we can expect even more sophisticated and groundbreaking revenue models to emerge, further solidifying blockchain's role as a cornerstone of the digital future.
The term "Smart Money" has long been whispered in the hushed halls of traditional finance, a mystical force representing those with uncanny foresight and the capital to back it. It's the collective wisdom of experienced traders, hedge funds, and institutional players who seem to possess an almost preternatural ability to sniff out the next big trend or exploit market inefficiencies. But in the rapidly evolving world of blockchain, this concept is not just relevant; it's undergoing a profound metamorphosis. "Smart Money in Blockchain" isn't merely about predicting Bitcoin's next surge; it's about the strategic deployment of capital into a nascent, disruptive technology that promises to redefine everything from finance and supply chains to digital ownership and governance.
For years, blockchain and its most famous iteration, cryptocurrency, were largely the domain of cypherpunks, early adopters, and a sprinkling of adventurous venture capitalists. The narrative was often one of decentralization at all costs, a rebellion against established financial intermediaries. While that ethos remains a powerful undercurrent, the influx of "Smart Money" has undeniably shifted the landscape. We're witnessing a sophisticated evolution, where institutional-grade capital, seasoned financial expertise, and a deep understanding of market dynamics are converging with the raw, transformative power of decentralized ledger technology. This isn't just about speculative bets; it's about strategic integration and the creation of a new financial paradigm.
The allure for this sophisticated capital is multi-faceted. Firstly, the sheer potential for exponential growth in blockchain-related industries remains compelling. Projects that successfully navigate the technical and regulatory hurdles and achieve genuine utility can offer returns that dwarf those found in traditional asset classes. Venture capital firms, renowned for their ability to identify and nurture high-growth potential, have been pouring billions into blockchain startups. These aren't just small seed rounds; we're seeing multi-hundred-million-dollar investments in companies building the infrastructure for Web3, developing innovative Decentralized Finance (DeFi) protocols, and creating novel use cases for NFTs beyond digital art. This influx of capital validates the technology's potential and provides the fuel for further development and adoption.
Beyond pure returns, "Smart Money" is also drawn to the inherent innovation embedded within blockchain. The ability to create immutable, transparent, and programmable systems opens up a Pandora's Box of possibilities. Think of supply chain management, where tracking goods from origin to destination with absolute certainty can revolutionize logistics and combat counterfeiting. Consider digital identity, where individuals can have sovereign control over their personal data, granting access on a granular level. Or imagine the future of intellectual property, where artists and creators can be automatically compensated every time their work is used, thanks to smart contracts. These are not abstract concepts; they are tangible problems that blockchain, backed by significant investment, is actively working to solve.
Decentralized Finance, or DeFi, has been a particularly fertile ground for "Smart Money." What began as an experimental niche has blossomed into a multi-billion-dollar ecosystem offering alternatives to traditional financial services like lending, borrowing, trading, and insurance. Sophisticated investors are not just buying cryptocurrencies; they are actively participating in DeFi protocols, providing liquidity to decentralized exchanges, staking their assets to earn yields, and even developing their own complex strategies within these systems. They understand the underlying mechanics of these smart contracts and recognize the potential for disintermediation and increased efficiency. This engagement from "Smart Money" has not only boosted DeFi's total value locked (TVL) but has also driven greater scrutiny, leading to improvements in security, user experience, and regulatory compliance, making the ecosystem more robust and accessible to a broader audience.
The transition of established financial institutions into the blockchain space is another powerful indicator of "Smart Money" at work. Initially hesitant, many banks, asset managers, and even central banks are now actively exploring blockchain technology. This includes investing in blockchain infrastructure companies, piloting tokenization projects for traditional assets like real estate or stocks, and developing their own digital currencies (CBDCs). This isn't just about hedging their bets; it's a strategic move to understand and potentially leverage the disruptive forces that blockchain represents. For these institutions, "Smart Money" translates to understanding the risks and rewards, navigating the complex regulatory landscape, and finding ways to integrate blockchain's benefits into their existing business models or to create entirely new ones.
However, the narrative of "Smart Money" in blockchain is not without its complexities and challenges. The inherent volatility of the cryptocurrency market remains a significant concern. While promising, many blockchain projects are still in their early stages, and the path to widespread adoption is fraught with technical hurdles, scalability issues, and regulatory uncertainty. "Smart Money" recognizes these risks and employs sophisticated strategies to mitigate them, often involving diversified portfolios, rigorous due diligence, and a long-term investment horizon. They are not swayed by every hype cycle but instead focus on the fundamental value proposition and the long-term potential of well-executed projects.
Furthermore, the concept of decentralization itself presents unique challenges for traditional investors. How do you value an asset that has no central authority? How do you ensure compliance and accountability in a pseudonymous system? These are questions that "Smart Money" is actively grappling with and, in many cases, helping to answer. The development of institutional-grade custody solutions, the emergence of regulated cryptocurrency exchanges, and the increasing clarity around legal frameworks are all testaments to the influence of sophisticated capital demanding greater structure and reliability.
The influence of "Smart Money" extends beyond mere financial investment. It also encompasses the intellectual capital and strategic expertise that these players bring. Hedge fund managers with decades of experience in analyzing complex markets, technology entrepreneurs who have successfully scaled businesses, and legal experts specializing in emerging technologies are all contributing to the maturation of the blockchain ecosystem. Their involvement helps to refine business models, improve technical architectures, and navigate the often-treacherous waters of regulation and public perception. This infusion of talent and experience is crucial for moving blockchain beyond its niche origins and into mainstream adoption.
In essence, "Smart Money in Blockchain" represents a confluence of capital, expertise, and vision. It signifies a shift from a purely ideological movement to a rapidly maturing industry where sophisticated players are actively shaping the future. They are not just passive observers; they are architects, building the infrastructure, developing the applications, and driving the innovation that will define the next era of finance and technology. The whispers of "Smart Money" are growing louder, and as they do, they are transforming the very fabric of the digital world.
The ongoing narrative of "Smart Money in Blockchain" is deeply intertwined with the maturation of the technology itself and the evolving regulatory landscape. As more sophisticated capital flows in, it invariably demands greater transparency, predictability, and robustness from the underlying systems. This, in turn, accelerates the development of institutional-grade solutions that were once considered the exclusive domain of traditional finance. We are witnessing a fascinating feedback loop: "Smart Money" seeks stability and clear rules, which drives the creation of those very things within the blockchain space, thus attracting even more "Smart Money."
One of the most significant impacts of this trend is the professionalization of the blockchain industry. Gone are the days when a whitepaper and a charismatic founder were enough to secure significant funding. "Smart Money," particularly from venture capital and institutional investors, conducts rigorous due diligence. This involves scrutinizing the technology stack, evaluating the team's technical prowess and business acumen, assessing the market viability of the proposed solution, and analyzing the competitive landscape. Projects that successfully attract this level of investment are typically those with a clear use case, a solid technological foundation, a well-defined roadmap, and a pragmatic approach to regulation and compliance. This discerning approach is weeding out less viable projects and fostering an environment where genuine innovation can flourish.
The rise of tokenization is another area where "Smart Money" is making its mark. Tokenization, the process of representing real-world assets – such as real estate, art, or even intellectual property rights – as digital tokens on a blockchain, has the potential to unlock liquidity in traditionally illiquid markets. Sophisticated investors are drawn to this because it offers new avenues for diversification, fractional ownership, and more efficient trading. Imagine investing in a fraction of a commercial building or owning a token that represents a share in a valuable piece of art, all managed and traded seamlessly on a blockchain. "Smart Money" is not just investing in the companies building these tokenization platforms; they are actively participating as buyers and sellers of these tokenized assets, demonstrating their belief in the transformative potential of this technology to reshape asset management and investment.
The integration of blockchain technology into enterprise solutions is also a prime example of "Smart Money" at work. While many early blockchain applications focused on consumer-facing cryptocurrencies, sophisticated investors recognize the immense value of leveraging blockchain for B2B applications. This includes supply chain management, where transparency and traceability can prevent fraud and improve efficiency; cross-border payments, where blockchain can reduce transaction times and costs; and data management, where immutability and security are paramount. Large corporations, often backed by institutional investment, are now piloting and implementing blockchain solutions, signaling a shift towards the practical, real-world utility of the technology beyond its speculative aspects. This strategic adoption by established players provides a crucial stamp of approval and drives the development of enterprise-grade blockchain infrastructure.
However, the journey for "Smart Money" in blockchain is far from smooth. Regulatory uncertainty remains a persistent challenge. Governments worldwide are still grappling with how to classify and regulate digital assets and blockchain-based activities. This ambiguity can deter risk-averse institutional investors and create hurdles for innovative projects. "Smart Money" often navigates this by focusing on jurisdictions with more favorable regulatory frameworks or by actively engaging with policymakers to help shape future legislation. Their involvement is crucial in fostering a balanced regulatory environment that protects investors while still allowing for innovation to thrive.
Furthermore, the inherent complexities of blockchain technology can be a barrier for traditional investors. Understanding concepts like consensus mechanisms, smart contract vulnerabilities, and the nuances of decentralized governance requires a significant learning curve. "Smart Money," however, often comprises entities with the resources to dedicate specialized teams to research and development, technical analysis, and legal compliance. This deep dive into the intricacies of the technology allows them to identify the projects with the strongest technical foundations and the most sustainable economic models.
The concept of "long-term value accrual" is another key consideration for "Smart Money" in this space. Unlike the speculative frenzy that sometimes characterizes cryptocurrency markets, sophisticated investors are looking for projects that have a clear path to generating sustainable revenue and delivering tangible value to users. This might involve utility tokens that grant access to services, governance tokens that empower holders to shape a protocol's future, or even equity in blockchain-focused companies. The focus is shifting from purely speculative gains to underlying economic models that create lasting value.
The impact of "Smart Money" is also visible in the increasing focus on sustainability and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors within the blockchain industry. As institutional investors become more involved, they bring their ESG mandates with them. This has led to a greater emphasis on energy-efficient consensus mechanisms, such as Proof-of-Stake, and a push for greater transparency and accountability in project development. While the environmental impact of some blockchain technologies, particularly those using Proof-of-Work, has been a point of contention, the influx of "Smart Money" is helping to drive the industry towards more sustainable and responsible practices.
Looking ahead, the influence of "Smart Money" in blockchain is only set to grow. As the technology matures and the regulatory landscape becomes clearer, we can expect to see even larger capital allocations from traditional financial institutions, pension funds, and sovereign wealth funds. This will further legitimize the asset class and accelerate the adoption of blockchain-based solutions across various industries. The focus will likely shift even more towards practical applications, enterprise solutions, and the seamless integration of blockchain into existing financial and technological infrastructures.
In conclusion, "Smart Money in Blockchain" is a dynamic and transformative force. It represents the convergence of sophisticated capital, deep technical understanding, and strategic vision. This intelligent capital is not merely betting on the future; it is actively building it. By demanding rigor, fostering innovation, and driving practical adoption, "Smart Money" is playing a pivotal role in ushering in a new era of decentralized technology, reshaping industries, and fundamentally altering the way we interact with finance and the digital world. The alchemists of the digital age are here, and they are forging the future with smart, strategic investments in the blockchain revolution.